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IAL 2021 Jan Q6

A Level / Edexcel / FP2

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

(a) Determine the general solution of the differential equation

d2ydx2+2dydx+5y=6cosx\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} + 2\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 5y = 6\cos x \end{align*}
(7)

(b) Find the particular solution for which y=0y = 0 and dydx=0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0 at x=0x = 0

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先解 complementary function,再设 particular integral 为 acosx+bsinxa\cos x+b\sin x。因为右边是 6cosx6\cos x,这个形式最直接。

答题过程

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The auxiliary equation is

m2+2m+5=0.\begin{align*} m^2+2m+5=0. \end{align*}

So

m=2±4202=1±2i.\begin{align*} m=&\,\frac{-2\pm\sqrt{4-20}}{2}\\[4mm] =&\,-1\pm2\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}

Hence the complementary function is

yc=ex(Acos2x+Bsin2x).\begin{align*} y_c=\mathrm{e}^{-x}(A\cos2x+B\sin2x). \end{align*}

For a particular integral, let

yp=acosx+bsinx.\begin{align*} y_p=a\cos x+b\sin x. \end{align*}

Then

yp=asinx+bcosx,yp=acosxbsinx.\begin{align*} y_p'=&\,-a\sin x+b\cos x,\\[2mm] y_p''=&\,-a\cos x-b\sin x. \end{align*}

Substitute into the differential equation:

(acosxbsinx)+2(asinx+bcosx)+5(acosx+bsinx)=6cosx.\begin{align*} (-a\cos x-b\sin x) +2(-a\sin x+b\cos x) +5(a\cos x+b\sin x) =&\,6\cos x. \end{align*}

Comparing coefficients,

4a+2b=6,2a+4b=0.\begin{align*} 4a+2b=&\,6,\\[2mm] -2a+4b=&\,0. \end{align*}

Solving gives

a=65,b=35.\begin{align*} a=\frac65,\qquad b=\frac35. \end{align*}

Therefore the general solution is

y=ex(Acos2x+Bsin2x)+65cosx+35sinx.\begin{align*} y =&\,\mathrm{e}^{-x}(A\cos2x+B\sin2x)\\[4mm] &\,+\frac65\cos x+\frac35\sin x. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

x=0x=0y=0y=0 代入先求 AA。再对通解微分,用 x=0x=0y=0y'=0BB

答题过程

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Using y=0y=0 at x=0x=0,

0=A+65,\begin{align*} 0=A+\frac65, \end{align*}

so

A=65.\begin{align*} A=-\frac65. \end{align*}

Differentiate the general solution:

dydx=ex(Acos2x+Bsin2x)+ex(2Asin2x+2Bcos2x)65sinx+35cosx.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,-\mathrm{e}^{-x}(A\cos2x+B\sin2x) +\mathrm{e}^{-x}(-2A\sin2x+2B\cos2x)\\[4mm] &\,-\frac65\sin x+\frac35\cos x. \end{align*}

Using dydx=0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=0 at x=0x=0,

0=A+2B+35.\begin{align*} 0=&\,-A+2B+\frac35. \end{align*}

Since A=65A=-\dfrac65,

0=65+2B+352B=95B=910.\begin{align*} 0=&\,\frac65+2B+\frac35\\[4mm] 2B=&\,-\frac95\\[4mm] B=&\,-\frac9{10}. \end{align*}

Therefore the particular solution is

y=ex(65cos2x910sin2x)+65cosx+35sinx.\begin{align*} y =&\,\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(-\frac65\cos2x-\frac9{10}\sin2x\right)\\[4mm] &\,+\frac65\cos x+\frac35\sin x. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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如果熟悉复指数形式,也可以把 complementary function 写成

ex(Pe2ix+Qe2ix).\begin{align*} \mathrm{e}^{-x}\left(P\mathrm{e}^{2\mathrm{i}x} +Q\mathrm{e}^{-2\mathrm{i}x}\right). \end{align*}

这和 ex(Acos2x+Bsin2x)\mathrm{e}^{-x}(A\cos2x+B\sin2x) 是同一个解空间。若熟悉 Euler formula,可以直接求 P,QP,Q,最后再化回实数形式。

答题过程

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Write the general solution as

y=ex(Pe2ix+Qe2ix)+65cosx+35sinx.\begin{align*} y =&\,\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(P\mathrm{e}^{2\mathrm{i}x} +Q\mathrm{e}^{-2\mathrm{i}x}\right) +\frac65\cos x+\frac35\sin x. \end{align*}

Using y=0y=0 at x=0x=0,

0=P+Q+65.\begin{align*} 0=P+Q+\frac65. \end{align*}

So

P+Q=65.\begin{align*} P+Q=-\frac65. \end{align*}

Differentiate:

dydx=ex(Pe2ix+Qe2ix)+ex(2iPe2ix2iQe2ix)65sinx+35cosx.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,-\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(P\mathrm{e}^{2\mathrm{i}x} +Q\mathrm{e}^{-2\mathrm{i}x}\right)\\[4mm] &\,+\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(2\mathrm{i}P\mathrm{e}^{2\mathrm{i}x} -2\mathrm{i}Q\mathrm{e}^{-2\mathrm{i}x}\right)\\[4mm] &\,-\frac65\sin x+\frac35\cos x. \end{align*}

Using dydx=0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=0 at x=0x=0,

0=(P+Q)+2i(PQ)+35.\begin{align*} 0 =&\,-(P+Q)+2\mathrm{i}(P-Q)+\frac35. \end{align*}

Since P+Q=65P+Q=-\dfrac65,

0=65+2i(PQ)+352i(PQ)=95PQ=910i.\begin{align*} 0 =&\,\frac65+2\mathrm{i}(P-Q)+\frac35\\[4mm] 2\mathrm{i}(P-Q) =&\,-\frac95\\[4mm] P-Q =&\,\frac9{10}\mathrm{i}. \end{align*}

Solving the two equations,

P=12(65+910i),Q=12(65910i).\begin{align*} P=&\,\frac12\left(-\frac65+\frac9{10}\mathrm{i}\right),\\[2mm] Q=&\,\frac12\left(-\frac65-\frac9{10}\mathrm{i}\right). \end{align*}

Hence,

y=12ex(65+910i)e2ix+12ex(65910i)e2ix+65cosx+35sinx.\begin{align*} y =&\,\frac12\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(-\frac65+\frac9{10}\mathrm{i}\right) \mathrm{e}^{2\mathrm{i}x}\\[4mm] &\,+\frac12\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(-\frac65-\frac9{10}\mathrm{i}\right) \mathrm{e}^{-2\mathrm{i}x}\\[4mm] &\,+\frac65\cos x+\frac35\sin x. \end{align*}

Combining the conjugate exponential terms,

y=ex(65cos2x910sin2x)+65cosx+35sinx.\begin{align*} y =&\,\mathrm{e}^{-x} \left(-\frac65\cos2x-\frac9{10}\sin2x\right)\\[4mm] &\,+\frac65\cos x+\frac35\sin x. \end{align*}

This gives the required particular solution.