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IAL 2023 June Q4

A Level / Edexcel / FP2

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

(a) Determine the general solution of the differential equation

d2ydx28dydx+16y=48x234\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} - 8\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} + 16y ={}& 48x^2 - 34 \end{align*}
(5)

Given that y=4y = 4 and dydx=21\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 21 at x=0x = 0

(b) determine the particular solution of the differential equation.

(4)

(c) Hence find the value of yy at x=2x = -2 , giving your answer in the form peq+rp\mathrm{e}^q + r where pp , qq and rr are integers to be determined.

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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这是二阶常系数非齐次微分方程。先解辅助方程得到 complementary function,再因为右边是二次多项式,设 particular integral 为二次多项式。

答题过程

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The auxiliary equation is

m28m+16=0\begin{align*} m^2-8m+16=0 \end{align*}

Hence

(m4)2=0m=4\begin{align*} (m-4)^2={}&0\\[4mm] m={}&4 \end{align*}

So the complementary function is

yc=(A+Bx)e4x\begin{align*} y_c=(A+Bx)\mathrm{e}^{4x} \end{align*}

For a particular integral, let

yp=λx2+μx+ν\begin{align*} y_p=\lambda x^2+\mu x+\nu \end{align*}

Then

yp=2λx+μyp=2λ\begin{align*} y_p'={}&2\lambda x+\mu\\[4mm] y_p''={}&2\lambda \end{align*}

Substitute into the differential equation:

2λ8(2λx+μ)+16(λx2+μx+ν)=48x23416λx2+(16λ+16μ)x+(2λ8μ+16ν)=48x234\begin{align*} 2\lambda -8(2\lambda x+\mu) +16(\lambda x^2+\mu x+\nu) ={}& 48x^2-34\\[4mm] 16\lambda x^2 +(-16\lambda+16\mu)x +(2\lambda-8\mu+16\nu) ={}& 48x^2-34 \end{align*}

Equating coefficients gives

16λ=4816λ+16μ=02λ8μ+16ν=34\begin{align*} 16\lambda={}&48\\[2mm] -16\lambda+16\mu={}&0\\[2mm] 2\lambda-8\mu+16\nu={}&-34 \end{align*}

Therefore

λ=3μ=32(3)8(3)+16ν=3416ν=16ν=1\begin{align*} \lambda={}&3\\[2mm] \mu={}&3\\[2mm] 2(3)-8(3)+16\nu={}&-34\\[2mm] 16\nu={}&-16\\[2mm] \nu={}&-1 \end{align*}

So

yp=3x2+3x1\begin{align*} y_p=3x^2+3x-1 \end{align*}

The general solution is

y=(A+Bx)e4x+3x2+3x1\begin{align*} \boxed{ y=(A+Bx)\mathrm{e}^{4x}+3x^2+3x-1 } \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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先用 y(0)=4y(0)=4AA。再对通解求导,用 y(0)=21y'(0)=21BB。指数部分求导时要用乘积法则。

答题过程

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Using y=4y=4 at x=0x=0,

4=(A+0)e0+3(0)2+3(0)14=A1A=5\begin{align*} 4 ={}& (A+0)\mathrm{e}^{0}+3(0)^2+3(0)-1\\[4mm] 4={}&A-1\\[4mm] A={}&5 \end{align*}

Differentiate the general solution:

dydx=Be4x+4(A+Bx)e4x+6x+3\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} ={}& B\mathrm{e}^{4x} +4(A+Bx)\mathrm{e}^{4x} +6x+3 \end{align*}

Using dydx=21\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=21 at x=0x=0,

21=B+4A+321=B+4(5)+3B=2\begin{align*} 21 ={}& B+4A+3\\[4mm] 21 ={}& B+4(5)+3\\[4mm] B={}&-2 \end{align*}

Therefore the particular solution is

y=(52x)e4x+3x2+3x1\begin{align*} \boxed{ y=(5-2x)\mathrm{e}^{4x}+3x^2+3x-1 } \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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这题的 “Hence” 表示直接使用 (b) 的 particular solution,把 x=2x=-2 代入即可。最后要整理成 peq+rp\mathrm{e}^q+r

答题过程

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Substitute x=2x=-2 into the particular solution:

y=(52(2))e4(2)+3(2)2+3(2)1=9e8+1261=9e8+5\begin{align*} y ={}& (5-2(-2))\mathrm{e}^{4(-2)} +3(-2)^2+3(-2)-1\\[4mm] ={}& 9\mathrm{e}^{-8}+12-6-1\\[4mm] ={}& \boxed{9\mathrm{e}^{-8}+5} \end{align*}

So p=9p=9, q=8q=-8 and r=5r=5.