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IAL 2026 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / FP2

IAL 2026 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

y=(13x)A+eBx\begin{align*} y=(1-3x)^A+\mathrm{e}^{Bx} \end{align*}

where AA and BB are non-zero constants.

(a) Determine d3ydx3\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3} in terms of AA, BB and xx.

(3)

Given that the Maclaurin series expansion for yy in ascending powers of xx, up to and including the term in x3x^3, is

y=2+kx3\begin{align*} y=2+kx^3 \end{align*}

where kk is a constant,

(b) determine the value of AA and the value of BB.

(4)

(c) Hence determine the value of kk, giving your answer as a fully simplified fraction.

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

连续三次求导即可。注意 (13x)A(1-3x)^A 每求导一次都会多乘一个 3-3,指数也会递减 11

答题过程

展开 dydx=3A(13x)A1+BeBxd2ydx2=9A(A1)(13x)A2+B2eBx\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} ={}& -3A(1-3x)^{A-1}+B\mathrm{e}^{Bx} \\[3mm] \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} ={}& 9A(A-1)(1-3x)^{A-2} +B^2\mathrm{e}^{Bx} \end{align*}

Therefore

d3ydx3=27A(A1)(A2)(13x)A3+B3eBx\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3} ={}& -27A(A-1)(A-2)(1-3x)^{A-3} +B^3\mathrm{e}^{Bx} \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

Maclaurin 展开是 2+kx32+kx^3,说明 xx 项和 x2x^2 项系数都为 00,也就是 y(0)=0y'(0)=0y(0)=0y''(0)=0。这样可以直接建立两个方程。

答题过程

展开

Since

y=2+kx3\begin{align*} y=2+kx^3 \end{align*}

up to the term in x3x^3, there is no term in xx and no term in x2x^2. Hence

y(0)=0,y(0)=0\begin{align*} y'(0)=0, \qquad y''(0)=0 \end{align*}

Using y(0)=0y'(0)=0,

3A+B=0B=3A\begin{align*} -3A+B=0 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad B=3A \end{align*}

Using y(0)=0y''(0)=0,

9A(A1)+B2=0\begin{align*} 9A(A-1)+B^2=0 \end{align*}

Substitute B=3AB=3A:

9A(A1)+9A2=018A29A=09A(2A1)=0\begin{align*} 9A(A-1)+9A^2 ={}&0\\[3mm] 18A^2-9A ={}&0\\[3mm] 9A(2A-1) ={}&0 \end{align*}

Since AA is non-zero,

A=12\begin{align*} A=\frac12 \end{align*}

Therefore

B=3A=32\begin{align*} B=3A=\frac32 \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

也可以直接展开两个函数。因为题目已经给出展开式没有 xx 项和 x2x^2 项,所以比较这两个系数即可。

答题过程

展开

Using binomial and exponential expansions,

(13x)A=13Ax+A(A1)2(3x)2+A(A1)(A2)3!(3x)3+\begin{align*} (1-3x)^A ={}& 1-3Ax +\frac{A(A-1)}{2}(-3x)^2\\[3mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+ \frac{A(A-1)(A-2)}{3!}(-3x)^3+\cdots \end{align*}

and

eBx=1+Bx+B2x22+B3x33!+\begin{align*} \mathrm{e}^{Bx} = 1+Bx+\frac{B^2x^2}{2} +\frac{B^3x^3}{3!}+\cdots \end{align*}

So the coefficient of xx is 3A+B-3A+B. Since it is zero,

3A+B=0B=3A\begin{align*} -3A+B=0 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad B=3A \end{align*}

The coefficient of x2x^2 is

9A(A1)2+B22\begin{align*} \frac{9A(A-1)}{2}+\frac{B^2}{2} \end{align*}

Hence

9A(A1)2+B22=09A(A1)+B2=0\begin{align*} \frac{9A(A-1)}{2}+\frac{B^2}{2} ={}&0\\[3mm] 9A(A-1)+B^2 ={}&0 \end{align*}

Substituting B=3AB=3A gives

9A(A1)+9A2=09A(2A1)=0\begin{align*} 9A(A-1)+9A^2 ={}&0\\[3mm] 9A(2A-1) ={}&0 \end{align*}

Since AA is non-zero,

A=12,B=32\begin{align*} A=\frac12,\qquad B=\frac32 \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

x3x^3 的系数等于 y(0)3!\dfrac{y'''(0)}{3!}。上一问已经求出 AABB,代入第三导数即可。

答题过程

展开

From part (a),

y(0)=27A(A1)(A2)+B3\begin{align*} y'''(0) ={}& -27A(A-1)(A-2)+B^3 \end{align*}

Using A=12A=\dfrac12 and B=32B=\dfrac32,

y(0)=27(12)(12)(32)+(32)3=818+278=274\begin{align*} y'''(0) ={}& -27\left(\frac12\right) \left(-\frac12\right) \left(-\frac32\right) + \left(\frac32\right)^3\\[3mm] ={}& -\frac{81}{8}+\frac{27}{8}\\[3mm] ={}& -\frac{27}{4} \end{align*}

Since the coefficient of x3x^3 is y(0)3!\dfrac{y'''(0)}{3!},

k=27/46=98\begin{align*} k ={}& \frac{-27/4}{6}\\[3mm] ={}& -\frac98 \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

沿用展开式路线,直接取 x3x^3 的系数。这样不需要再使用第三导数公式。

答题过程

展开

From the series expansions,

k=A(A1)(A2)3!(3)3+B33!=92A(A1)(A2)+B36\begin{align*} k ={}& \frac{A(A-1)(A-2)}{3!}(-3)^3 +\frac{B^3}{3!}\\[3mm] ={}& -\frac{9}{2}A(A-1)(A-2) +\frac{B^3}{6} \end{align*}

Using A=12A=\dfrac12 and B=32B=\dfrac32,

k=92(12)(12)(32)+16(32)3=2716+916=98\begin{align*} k ={}& -\frac92 \left(\frac12\right) \left(-\frac12\right) \left(-\frac32\right) + \frac{1}{6} \left(\frac32\right)^3\\[3mm] ={}& -\frac{27}{16}+\frac{9}{16}\\[3mm] ={}& -\frac98 \end{align*}