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IAL 2020 Oct FP3 Q8

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2020 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

The planes Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2 have equations

Π1:x5y+3z=11,\Pi_1 : x - 5y + 3z = 11, Π2:3x2y+2z=7.\Pi_2 : 3x - 2y + 2z = 7.

The planes Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2 intersect in the line ll.

(a) Find a vector equation for ll, giving your answer in the form r=a+λb\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{a} + \lambda\mathbf{b} where a\mathbf{a} and b\mathbf{b} are constant vectors and λ\lambda is a scalar parameter.

The point P(2,0,3)P(2, 0, 3) lies on Π1\Pi_1.

The line mm, which passes through PP, is parallel to ll.

The point Q(3,2,1)Q(3, 2, 1) lies on Π2\Pi_2.

The line nn, which passes through QQ, is also parallel to ll.

(b) Find, in exact simplified form, the shortest distance between mm and nn.

(10)
题目中文翻译

平面 Π1\Pi_1Π2\Pi_2 的方程分别为

Π1:x5y+3z=11,\Pi_1 : x - 5y + 3z = 11, Π2:3x2y+2z=7\Pi_2 : 3x - 2y + 2z = 7

平面 Π1\Pi_1Π2\Pi_2 的交线记为 ll

(a) 求 ll 的向量方程,答案写成 r=a+λb\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{a} + \lambda\mathbf{b} 的形式,其中 a\mathbf{a}b\mathbf{b} 为常向量,λ\lambda 为标量参数。

P(2,0,3)P(2, 0, 3)Π1\Pi_1 上。

PP 且平行于 ll 的直线为 mm

Q(3,2,1)Q(3, 2, 1)Π2\Pi_2 上。

QQ 且也平行于 ll 的直线为 nn

(b) 求 mmnn 的最短距离,并化为最简精确形式。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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交线方向同时垂直于两个平面的法向量,因此可由法向量叉积求出。再联立两个平面方程,令一个坐标为零,找交线上的一点。

答题过程

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The normal vectors of the planes are

n1=(153),n2=(322).\mathbf{n}_1=\begin{pmatrix}1\\-5\\3\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{n}_2=\begin{pmatrix}3\\-2\\2\end{pmatrix}.

A direction vector of the line of intersection is

n1×n2=ijk153322=4i+7j+13k.\begin{align*} \mathbf{n}_1\times\mathbf{n}_2 =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ 1&-5&3\\ 3&-2&2 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,-4\mathbf{i}+7\mathbf{j}+13\mathbf{k}. \end{align*}

To find a point on the line, set z=0z=0. Then

x5y=11,3x2y=7.x-5y=11, \qquad 3x-2y=7.

Solving gives x=1x=1 and y=2y=-2. Therefore

r=(120)+λ(4713),λR.\boxed{ \mathbf{r} =\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2\\0\end{pmatrix} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}-4\\7\\13\end{pmatrix}}, \qquad \lambda\in\mathbb{R}.

解法二

思路

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官方替代路线直接消去 Cartesian 方程中的变量。把 zz 选作参数后,分别用它表示 x,yx,y;再适当缩放参数,使方向向量没有分数。

答题过程

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From Π1\Pi_1,

x=11+5y3z.x=11+5y-3z.

Substituting into the equation of Π2\Pi_2 gives

3(11+5y3z)2y+2z=7,3(11+5y-3z)-2y+2z=7,

so

13y7z=26.13y-7z=-26.

Hence

y=2+713z.y=-2+\frac7{13}z.

Substitution into x=11+5y3zx=11+5y-3z gives

x=1413z.x=1-\frac4{13}z.

Let z=13λz=13\lambda. Then

x=14λ,y=2+7λ,z=13λ.x=1-4\lambda, \qquad y=-2+7\lambda, \qquad z=13\lambda.

Therefore

r=(120)+λ(4713).\boxed{ \mathbf{r} =\begin{pmatrix}1\\-2\\0\end{pmatrix} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}-4\\7\\13\end{pmatrix}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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两直线平行且方向向量为 d\mathbf d。连接两线上给定点的向量为 PQ\overrightarrow{PQ};它在垂直于 d\mathbf d 方向上的分量就是两平行线的最短距离,可用 d×PQ/d|\mathbf d\times\overrightarrow{PQ}|/|\mathbf d| 求得。

答题过程

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Let

d=(4713).\mathbf{d}=\begin{pmatrix}-4\\7\\13\end{pmatrix}.

The vector from PP to QQ is

PQ=(322013)=(122).\overrightarrow{PQ} =\begin{pmatrix}3-2\\2-0\\1-3\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\-2\end{pmatrix}.

Now

d×PQ=ijk4713122=40i+5j15k.\begin{align*} \mathbf{d}\times\overrightarrow{PQ} =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ -4&7&13\\ 1&2&-2 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,-40\mathbf{i}+5\mathbf{j}-15\mathbf{k}. \end{align*}

Therefore the shortest distance is

d=d×PQd=(40)2+52+(15)2(4)2+72+132=574234=548139.\begin{align*} d =&\,\frac{|\mathbf{d}\times\overrightarrow{PQ}|}{|\mathbf{d}|}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{\sqrt{(-40)^2+5^2+(-15)^2}} {\sqrt{(-4)^2+7^2+13^2}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{5\sqrt{74}}{\sqrt{234}}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{5\sqrt{481}}{39}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以求连接向量 PQ\overrightarrow{PQ} 与直线方向向量的夹角。最短距离是 PQsinθ|\overrightarrow{PQ}|\sin\theta;由点积求 cosθ\cos\theta,再利用 sin2θ=1cos2θ\sin^2\theta=1-\cos^2\theta

答题过程

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Let θ\theta be the angle between PQ\overrightarrow{PQ} and d\mathbf d. Then

PQ=3,d=234,|\overrightarrow{PQ}|=3, \qquad |\mathbf d|=\sqrt{234},

and

PQd=1(4)+2(7)+(2)(13)=16.\overrightarrow{PQ}\cdot\mathbf d =1(-4)+2(7)+(-2)(13)=-16.

Thus

cosθ=163234.\cos\theta=-\frac{16}{3\sqrt{234}}.

The shortest distance is

d=PQsinθ=31cos2θ=312569(234)=574234=548139.\begin{align*} d =&\,|\overrightarrow{PQ}|\,|\sin\theta|\\[4mm] =&\,3\sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,3\sqrt{1-\frac{256}{9(234)}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{5\sqrt{74}}{\sqrt{234}}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{5\sqrt{481}}{39}}. \end{align*}