Skip to content
CalcGospel 國際數學圖譜
返回

IAL 2021 Jan FP3 Q1

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B, C and D have coordinates (0,4,1)(0, 4, 1), (4,0,0)(4, 0, 0), (3,5,2)(3, 5, 2) and (2,2,k)(2, 2, k) respectively, where kk is a constant.

(a) Determine the exact area of triangle ABC.

(b) Determine in terms of kk, the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD, simplifying your answer.

(6)
题目中文翻译

相对于固定原点 OO,点 AABBCCDD 的坐标分别为 (0,4,1)(0, 4, 1)(4,0,0)(4, 0, 0)(3,5,2)(3, 5, 2)(2,2,k)(2, 2, k),其中 kk 为常数。

(a) 求三角形 ABCABC 的精确面积。

(b) 用 kk 表示四面体 ABCDABCD 的体积,并将答案化简。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

AA 为共同起点构造 AB\overrightarrow{AB}AC\overrightarrow{AC}。二者叉积的模是以这两条边组成的平行四边形面积,因此三角形面积是其一半。

答题过程

展开

The two side vectors are

AB=(441),AC=(311).\overrightarrow{AB} =\begin{pmatrix}4\\-4\\-1\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \overrightarrow{AC} =\begin{pmatrix}3\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}.

Their vector product is

AB×AC=ijk441311=3i7j+16k.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC} =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ 4&-4&-1\\ 3&1&1 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,-3\mathbf{i}-7\mathbf{j}+16\mathbf{k}. \end{align*}

Therefore

Area of ABC=12AB×AC=12(3)2+(7)2+162=3142.\begin{align*} \text{Area of }\triangle ABC =&\,\frac12 \big|\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}\big|\\[4mm] =&\,\frac12\sqrt{(-3)^2+(-7)^2+16^2}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{\sqrt{314}}{2}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

官方替代路线是先用点积(等价于余弦定理)求两边夹角的余弦,再由 12absinA\frac12 ab\sin A 求面积。为保持精确值,利用 sin2A=1cos2A\sin^2A=1-\cos^2A,无需先求角度近似值。

答题过程

展开

The relevant magnitudes and scalar product are

AB=33,AC=11,|\overrightarrow{AB}|=\sqrt{33}, \qquad |\overrightarrow{AC}|=\sqrt{11},

and

ABAC=4(3)+(4)(1)+(1)(1)=7.\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC} =4(3)+(-4)(1)+(-1)(1)=7.

If AA denotes the angle BACBAC, then

cosA=73311=7363.\cos A=\frac{7}{\sqrt{33}\sqrt{11}} =\frac{7}{\sqrt{363}}.

Since 0<A<π0<A<\pi and the cosine is positive, AA is acute. Hence

sinA=1cos2A=149363=314363.\begin{align*} \sin A =&\,\sqrt{1-\cos^2A}\\[4mm] =&\,\sqrt{1-\frac{49}{363}}\\[4mm] =&\,\sqrt{\frac{314}{363}}. \end{align*}

Therefore

Area of ABC=12ABACsinA=12363314363=3142.\begin{align*} \text{Area of }\triangle ABC =&\,\frac12|\overrightarrow{AB}| |\overrightarrow{AC}|\sin A\\[4mm] =&\,\frac12\sqrt{363} \sqrt{\frac{314}{363}}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{\sqrt{314}}{2}}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

四面体体积等于由同一顶点引出的三个边向量所成平行六面体体积的六分之一。使用 (a) 已求得的叉积与 AD\overrightarrow{AD} 作数量积,并注意体积必须取非负值。

答题过程

展开

The third side vector from AA is

AD=(22k1).\overrightarrow{AD} =\begin{pmatrix}2\\-2\\k-1\end{pmatrix}.

Using the vector product from part (a),

(AB×AC)AD=(3716)(22k1)=6+14+16(k1)=16k8.\begin{align*} (\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}) \cdot\overrightarrow{AD} =&\, \begin{pmatrix}-3\\-7\\16\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}2\\-2\\k-1\end{pmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,-6+14+16(k-1)\\[4mm] =&\,16k-8. \end{align*}

Therefore the volume of the tetrahedron is

V=16(AB×AC)AD=1616k8=432k1.\begin{align*} V =&\,\frac16 \Big|(\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}) \cdot\overrightarrow{AD}\Big|\\[4mm] =&\,\frac16|16k-8|\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac43|2k-1|}. \end{align*}