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IAL 2021 Jan FP3 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The point PP has coordinates (1,2,1)(1,2,1).

The line ll has Cartesian equation

x35=y+13=z+58.\frac{x-3}{5}=\frac{y+1}{3}=\frac{z+5}{-8}.

The plane Π1\Pi_1 contains the point PP and the line ll.

(a) Show that a Cartesian equation for Π1\Pi_1 is

6x2y+3z=5.6x-2y+3z=5.

The point QQ has coordinates (2,k,7)(2,k,-7), where kk is a constant.

(b) Show that the shortest distance between Π1\Pi_1 and QQ is

27k+7.\frac27|k+7|.

The plane Π2\Pi_2 has Cartesian equation 8x4y+z=38x-4y+z=-3.

Given that the shortest distance between Π1\Pi_1 and QQ is the same as the shortest distance between Π2\Pi_2 and QQ,

(c) determine the possible values of kk.

(11)
题目中文翻译

PP 的坐标为 (1,2,1)(1,2,1)

直线 ll 的 Cartesian 方程为

x35=y+13=z+58.\frac{x-3}{5}=\frac{y+1}{3}=\frac{z+5}{-8}.

平面 Π1\Pi_1 包含点 PP 和直线 ll

(a) 证明 Π1\Pi_1 的一个 Cartesian 方程为

6x2y+3z=5.6x-2y+3z=5.

QQ 的坐标为 (2,k,7)(2,k,-7),其中 kk 为常数。

(b) 证明 Π1\Pi_1QQ 之间的最短距离为

27k+7.\frac27|k+7|.

平面 Π2\Pi_2 的 Cartesian 方程为 8x4y+z=38x-4y+z=-3

已知 Π1\Pi_1QQ 之间的最短距离,等于 Π2\Pi_2QQ 之间的最短距离,

(c) 求 kk 的可能值。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

平面包含直线 ll,因此包含其方向向量;也包含从直线上一点指向 PP 的向量。两向量的叉积给出平面的法向量,再代入 PP 求常数项。

答题过程

展开

The line ll has direction vector

d=(538)\mathbf{d}=\begin{pmatrix}5\\3\\-8\end{pmatrix}

and contains the point A=(3,1,5)A=(3,-1,-5). Also,

AP=(236).\overrightarrow{AP} =\begin{pmatrix}-2\\3\\6\end{pmatrix}.

Hence a normal vector to Π1\Pi_1 is

d×AP=ijk538236=42i14j+21k=7(6i2j+3k).\begin{align*} \mathbf{d}\times\overrightarrow{AP} =&\, \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\ 5&3&-8\\ -2&3&6 \end{vmatrix}\\[4mm] =&\,42\mathbf{i}-14\mathbf{j}+21\mathbf{k}\\[4mm] =&\,7(6\mathbf{i}-2\mathbf{j}+3\mathbf{k}). \end{align*}

Thus the plane has equation

6x2y+3z=d.6x-2y+3z=d.

Since P=(1,2,1)P=(1,2,1) lies in the plane,

d=6(1)2(2)+3(1)=5.d=6(1)-2(2)+3(1)=5.

Therefore

6x2y+3z=5.\boxed{6x-2y+3z=5}.

解法二

思路

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因为待证的平面方程已经给出,也可以分别验证点 PP 位于该平面,且直线 ll 上的任意点都满足该方程。这样便证明该平面同时包含 PP 和整条直线 ll

答题过程

展开

For P=(1,2,1)P=(1,2,1),

6(1)2(2)+3(1)=5,6(1)-2(2)+3(1)=5,

so PP lies in the stated plane.

Writing the line in parametric form gives

x=3+5t,y=1+3t,z=58t.x=3+5t, \qquad y=-1+3t, \qquad z=-5-8t.

For every tt,

6x2y+3z=6(3+5t)2(1+3t)+3(58t)=18+30t+26t1524t=5.\begin{align*} 6x-2y+3z =&\,6(3+5t)-2(-1+3t)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+3(-5-8t)\\[4mm] =&\,18+30t+2-6t-15-24t\\[4mm] =&\,5. \end{align*}

Thus the whole line ll lies in the plane. Since the plane contains both PP and ll, its equation is

6x2y+3z=5.\boxed{6x-2y+3z=5}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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直接使用点到平面的距离公式。绝对值不可省略,因为 kk 未知,代入平面方程所得的带符号量可能为正也可能为负。

答题过程

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The distance from Q=(2,k,7)Q=(2,k,-7) to Π1\Pi_1 is

d1=6(2)2k+3(7)562+(2)2+32=2k147=27k+7.\begin{align*} d_1 =&\,\frac{|6(2)-2k+3(-7)-5|} {\sqrt{6^2+(-2)^2+3^2}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{|-2k-14|}{7}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac27|k+7|}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先求点 QQΠ2\Pi_2 的距离,再与 (b) 的结果相等。含绝对值方程应拆成正负两种情形,避免平方后引入或遗漏解。

答题过程

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Writing Π2\Pi_2 as 8x4y+z+3=08x-4y+z+3=0, the distance from QQ to Π2\Pi_2 is

d2=8(2)4k7+382+(4)2+12=124k9=49k3.\begin{align*} d_2 =&\,\frac{|8(2)-4k-7+3|} {\sqrt{8^2+(-4)^2+1^2}}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{|12-4k|}{9}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac49|k-3|. \end{align*}

Equating the two distances gives

27k+7=49k3,\frac27|k+7|=\frac49|k-3|,

so

9k+7=14k3.9|k+7|=14|k-3|.

Therefore either

9(k+7)=14(k3),9(k+7)=14(k-3),

which gives k=21k=21, or

9(k+7)=14(k3),9(k+7)=-14(k-3),

which gives 23k=2123k=-21 and hence k=21/23k=-21/23.

Thus the possible values are

k=21ork=2123.\boxed{k=21\quad\text{or}\quad k=-\frac{21}{23}}.