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IAL 2021 June FP3 Q3

A Level / Edexcel / FP3

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

The matrix MM is given by

M=(31p1121p2)M = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & p \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ -1 & p & 2 \end{pmatrix}

where pp is a real constant.

(a) Find the exact values of pp for which MM has no inverse.

Given that MM does have an inverse,

(b) find M1M^{-1} in terms of pp.

(9)
题目中文翻译

矩阵 MM 定义为

M=(31p1121p2)M = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & p \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ -1 & p & 2 \end{pmatrix}

其中 pp 为实常数。

(a) 求使 MM 没有逆矩阵的 pp 的精确值。

已知 MM 有逆矩阵,

(b) 用 pp 表示 M1M^{-1}

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

矩阵没有逆矩阵当且仅当行列式为零。沿第一行展开 detM\det M,化成关于 pp 的二次式,再用求根公式得到两个精确值。

答题过程

展开

Expanding the determinant along the first row,

detM=312p21212+p111p=3(22p)4+p(p+1)=p25p+2.\begin{align*} \det M =&\,3 \begin{vmatrix}1&2\\p&2\end{vmatrix} -\begin{vmatrix}1&2\\-1&2\end{vmatrix} \\ &\,+p \begin{vmatrix}1&1\\-1&p\end{vmatrix} \\ =&\,3(2-2p)-4+p(p+1) \\ =&\,p^2-5p+2. \end{align*}

For MM to have no inverse, detM=0\det M=0. Thus

p25p+2=0,p=5±2582.\begin{align*} p^2-5p+2=&\,0, \\ p=&\,\frac{5\pm\sqrt{25-8}}{2}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

p=5+172orp=5172.\boxed{p=\frac{5+\sqrt{17}}{2} \quad\text{or}\quad p=\frac{5-\sqrt{17}}{2}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先求全部余子式,再按棋盘符号得到代数余子式矩阵;将其转置得到伴随矩阵,最后除以 (a) 的行列式。题设已说明 MM 可逆,所以分母不为零。

答题过程

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The matrix of minors is

(22p4p+12p26+p3p+12p6p2).\begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&4&p+1\\ 2-p^2&6+p&3p+1\\ 2-p&6-p&2 \end{pmatrix}.

Therefore, the matrix of cofactors is

(22p4p+1p226+p3p12pp62).\begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&-4&p+1\\ p^2-2&6+p&-3p-1\\ 2-p&p-6&2 \end{pmatrix}.

Hence

adjM=(22pp222p46+pp6p+13p12).\operatorname{adj}M= \begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&p^2-2&2-p\\ -4&6+p&p-6\\ p+1&-3p-1&2 \end{pmatrix}.

Since MM is invertible, p25p+20p^2-5p+2\ne0. Therefore,

M1=1p25p+2(22pp222p46+pp6p+13p12).\boxed{ M^{-1}=\frac1{p^2-5p+2} \begin{pmatrix} 2-2p&p^2-2&2-p\\ -4&6+p&p-6\\ p+1&-3p-1&2 \end{pmatrix} }.