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IAL 2022 May Q10

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 May Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

The circle CC has centre X(3,5)X(3, 5) and radius rr.

The line ll has equation y=2x+ky = 2x + k, where kk is a constant.

(a) Show that ll and CC intersect when

5x2+(4k26)x+k210k+34r2=05x^2 + (4k - 26)x + k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 = 0

(3)

Given that ll is a tangent to CC,

(b) show that 5r2=(k+p)25r^2 = (k + p)^2, where pp is a constant to be found.

(3)

The line ll

  • cuts the yy-axis at the point AA
  • touches the circle CC at the point BB

as shown in Figure 2.

Given that AB=2rAB = 2r

(c) find the value of kk

(6)
题目中文翻译

CC 的圆心为 X(3,5)X(3, 5),半径为 rr。 直线 ll 的方程为 y=2x+ky = 2x + k,其中 kk 为常数。

(a) 证明:直线 ll 与圆 CC 相交的交点 xx 坐标满足方程: 5x2+(4k26)x+k210k+34r2=05x^2 + (4k - 26)x + k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 = 0 (3)

已知 ll 是圆 CC 的一条切线,

(b) 证明 5r2=(k+p)25r^2 = (k + p)^2,其中 pp 是一个待求的常数。 (3)

直线 ll

  • yy 轴交于点 AA
  • 与圆 CC 相切于点 BB

如图 2 所示。

已知线段长度 AB=2rAB = 2r

(c) 求出 kk 的值。 (6)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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首先利用圆心坐标 X(3,5)X(3, 5) 和半径 rr 写出圆 CC 的标准方程: (x3)2+(y5)2=r2(x - 3)^2 + (y - 5)^2 = r^2

为了求交点,我们将直线方程 y=2x+ky = 2x + k 代入到圆方程中消去 yy(x3)2+(2x+k5)2=r2(x - 3)^2 + (2x + k - 5)^2 = r^2 分别展开这两项,并整理成关于 xx 的一元二次方程形式:

  1. 展开第一项:(x3)2=x26x+9(x - 3)^2 = x^2 - 6x + 9
  2. 展开第二项:将其视为 [2x+(k5)]2=4x2+4(k5)x+(k5)2=4x2+(4k20)x+(k210k+25)[2x + (k - 5)]^2 = 4x^2 + 4(k - 5)x + (k - 5)^2 = 4x^2 + (4k - 20)x + (k^2 - 10k + 25)
  3. 两部分合并相加并令右侧为 00,即可得到待证的一元二次方程。

答题过程

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The standard equation of a circle with centre X(3,5)X(3, 5) and radius rr is:

(x3)2+(y5)2=r2(x - 3)^2 + (y - 5)^2 = r^2

Substitute the equation of the line l:y=2x+kl: y = 2x + k into the circle equation:

(x3)2+(2x+k5)2=r2(x - 3)^2 + (2x + k - 5)^2 = r^2

Expand each term:

(x3)2=x26x+9(x - 3)^2 = x^2 - 6x + 9

(2x+k5)2=(2x+(k5))2=4x2+2(2x)(k5)+(k5)2=4x2+(4k20)x+(k210k+25)\begin{align*} (2x + k - 5)^2 =&\,\, (2x + (k - 5))^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 4x^2 + 2(2x)(k - 5) + (k - 5)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 4x^2 + (4k - 20)x + (k^2 - 10k + 25) \end{align*}

Sum the expanded terms:

(x26x+9)+(4x2+(4k20)x+k210k+25)=r2\left( x^2 - 6x + 9 \right) + \left( 4x^2 + (4k - 20)x + k^2 - 10k + 25 \right) = r^2

Combine like terms:

(1+4)x2+(6+4k20)x+k210k+9+25r2=0(1 + 4)x^2 + (-6 + 4k - 20)x + k^2 - 10k + 9 + 25 - r^2 = 0

5x2+(4k26)x+k210k+34r2=05x^2 + (4k - 26)x + k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 = 0

This matches the printed equation.


(b)

解法一

思路

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因为直线 ll 是圆 CC 的切线(Tangent),所以在几何上它们只有一个公共交点。 这意味着联立后关于 xx 的一元二次方程: 5x2+(4k26)x+k210k+34r2=05x^2 + (4k - 26)x + k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 = 0 有且仅有一个重根(唯一实数解)。 所以,该一元二次方程的判别式(Discriminant)必须等于零,即: Δ=B24AC=0\Delta = B^2 - 4AC = 0 其中:

  • A=5A = 5
  • B=4k26B = 4k - 26
  • C=k210k+34r2C = k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2

代入并展开这个判别式方程: (4k26)24×5×(k210k+34r2)=0(4k - 26)^2 - 4 \times 5 \times (k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2) = 0 展开并合并同类项,然后整理出 5r2=(k+p)25r^2 = (k + p)^2 的形式,确定常数 pp 的值。

答题过程

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Since the line ll is a tangent to the circle CC, the quadratic equation from part (a) must have exactly one real solution. Thus, its discriminant must be zero:

Δ=b24ac=0\Delta = b^2 - 4ac = 0

Identify the coefficients:

  • a=5a = 5
  • b=4k26b = 4k - 26
  • c=k210k+34r2c = k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2

Set the discriminant to 00:

(4k26)24(5)(k210k+34r2)=0(4k - 26)^2 - 4(5)\left( k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 \right) = 0

Expand both terms:

(4k26)2=16k2208k+676(4k - 26)^2 = 16k^2 - 208k + 676

20(k210k+34r2)=20k2200k+68020r220\left( k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 \right) = 20k^2 - 200k + 680 - 20r^2

Subtract the second expression from the first:

(16k2208k+676)(20k2200k+68020r2)=0\left( 16k^2 - 208k + 676 \right) - \left( 20k^2 - 200k + 680 - 20r^2 \right) = 0

4k28k4+20r2=0-4k^2 - 8k - 4 + 20r^2 = 0

Move 20r220r^2 to the other side:

20r2=4k2+8k+420r^2 = 4k^2 + 8k + 4

Divide the entire equation by 44:

5r2=k2+2k+15r^2 = k^2 + 2k + 1

Factorize the quadratic on the right-hand side:

5r2=(k+1)25r^2 = (k + 1)^2

This is in the form 5r2=(k+p)25r^2 = (k + p)^2 with p=1p = 1.


(c)

解法一:几何法(直角三角形勾股定理)

思路

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由几何关系,切点 BB 处半径与切线垂直,即圆心 XX 到切点 BB 的连线 XBABXB \perp AB。 因此,三角形 ABX\triangle ABX 是一个以 BB 为直角的直角三角形。

  • 直角边 XB=rXB = r (圆的半径)
  • 直角边 AB=2rAB = 2r (题目已知条件)
  • 斜边为 AXAX

利用直角三角形的勾股定理(Pythagoras’ Theorem): AX2=XB2+AB2=r2+(2r)2=r2+4r2=5r2AX^2 = XB^2 + AB^2 = r^2 + (2r)^2 = r^2 + 4r^2 = 5r^2

根据第 (b) 问的结论,我们知道: 5r2=(k+1)25r^2 = (k + 1)^2 所以: AX2=(k+1)2AX^2 = (k + 1)^2

接着,我们可以求出点 AA 的坐标: 因为直线 ll 的方程是 y=2x+ky = 2x + k,点 AA 是直线与 yy 轴的交点,令 x=0x = 0 得到 y=ky = k。 因此点 AA 的坐标为 (0,k)(0, k)

又已知圆心为 X(3,5)X(3, 5)。利用两点距离公式求出斜边平方 AX2AX^2AX2=(xXxA)2+(yXyA)2=(30)2+(5k)2=9+(k5)2AX^2 = (x_X - x_A)^2 + (y_X - y_A)^2 = (3 - 0)^2 + (5 - k)^2 = 9 + (k - 5)^2

建立方程: (k+1)2=9+(k5)2(k + 1)^2 = 9 + (k - 5)^2 展开并解出 kk 的值即可。

答题过程

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Since the line ll is tangent to the circle CC at point BB, the radius XBXB is perpendicular to the tangent line at BB. Thus, ABX\triangle ABX is a right-angled triangle with ABX=90\angle ABX = 90^\circ.

Using Pythagoras’ theorem:

AX2=XB2+AB2AX^2 = XB^2 + AB^2

Given XB=rXB = r and AB=2rAB = 2r:

AX2=r2+(2r)2=5r2AX^2 = r^2 + (2r)^2 = 5r^2

From part (b), we know 5r2=(k+1)25r^2 = (k + 1)^2. Therefore:

AX2=(k+1)2— (Equation 1)AX^2 = (k + 1)^2 \quad \text{--- (Equation 1)}

Point AA is the intersection of line l:y=2x+kl: y = 2x + k with the yy-axis, so its coordinates are:

A(0,k)A(0, k)

The centre of the circle is X(3,5)X(3, 5). Use the distance formula to express AX2AX^2:

AX2=(30)2+(5k)2=9+(k5)2=9+k210k+25=k210k+34— (Equation 2)\begin{align*} AX^2 =&\,\, (3 - 0)^2 + (5 - k)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 9 + (k - 5)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 9 + k^2 - 10k + 25 \\[2mm] =&\,\, k^2 - 10k + 34 \quad \text{--- (Equation 2)} \end{align*}

Equate Equation 1 and Equation 2:

(k+1)2=k210k+34(k + 1)^2 = k^2 - 10k + 34

k2+2k+1=k210k+34k^2 + 2k + 1 = k^2 - 10k + 34

Eliminate k2k^2 from both sides:

2k+1=10k+342k + 1 = -10k + 34

12k=3312k = 33

k=3312=114=2.75k = \frac{33}{12} = \frac{11}{4} = 2.75

解法二:代数法(利用重根计算切点 BB 坐标)

思路

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我们也可以用代数消元法来做。 因为 ll 与圆相切,根据 (a) 问的方程: 5x2+(4k26)x+k210k+34r2=05x^2 + (4k - 26)x + k^2 - 10k + 34 - r^2 = 0 它是一个只有一个实根的二次方程,因此切点 BBxx 坐标就是这个方程的重根: xB=B2A=4k262×5=264k10=132k5x_B = -\frac{B}{2A} = -\frac{4k - 26}{2 \times 5} = \frac{26 - 4k}{10} = \frac{13 - 2k}{5}

由于 BB 落在直线 y=2x+ky = 2x + k 上,其 yy 坐标为: yB=2xB+k=2(132k5)+k=264k+5k5=26+k5y_B = 2x_B + k = 2\left(\frac{13 - 2k}{5}\right) + k = \frac{26 - 4k + 5k}{5} = \frac{26 + k}{5}

AA 的坐标为 (0,k)(0, k)。利用距离公式写出 AB2AB^2(即切线段长度的平方): AB2=(xBxA)2+(yByA)2=(132k50)2+(26+k5k)2AB^2 = (x_B - x_A)^2 + (y_B - y_A)^2 = \left(\frac{13-2k}{5} - 0\right)^2 + \left(\frac{26+k}{5} - k\right)^2 简化后得到关于 kk 的表达式。 因为已知条件为 AB=2r    AB2=4r2AB = 2r \implies AB^2 = 4r^2。 又从 (b) 问中已知 r2=(k+1)25r^2 = \frac{(k+1)^2}{5},我们可以将 AB2=4r2AB^2 = 4r^2 改写为: AB2=4(k+1)25AB^2 = \frac{4(k+1)^2}{5} 两边联立并消去分母,可以解出 kk。这种纯代数法不依赖几何直觉,也是一种非常标准的方法。

答题过程

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Since BB is the point of contact, its xx-coordinate xBx_B is the unique double root of the quadratic equation from (a):

xB=b2a=4k262×5=264k10=132k5x_B = -\frac{b}{2a} = -\frac{4k - 26}{2 \times 5} = \frac{26 - 4k}{10} = \frac{13 - 2k}{5}

Substitute xBx_B into the line equation to find yBy_B:

yB=2xB+k=2(132k5)+k=26+k5y_B = 2x_B + k = 2\left( \frac{13 - 2k}{5} \right) + k = \frac{26 + k}{5}

The coordinates of AA are (0,k)(0, k). Calculate the squared distance AB2AB^2:

AB2=(xBxA)2+(yByA)2=(132k50)2+(26+k5k)2=(132k5)2+(264k5)2=(132k)2+4(132k)225=5(132k)225=(132k)25\begin{align*} AB^2 =&\,\, (x_B - x_A)^2 + (y_B - y_A)^2 \\[4mm] =&\,\, \left( \frac{13 - 2k}{5} - 0 \right)^2 + \left( \frac{26 + k}{5} - k \right)^2 \\[4mm] =&\,\, \left( \frac{13 - 2k}{5} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{26 - 4k}{5} \right)^2 \\[4mm] =&\,\, \frac{(13 - 2k)^2 + 4(13 - 2k)^2}{25} \\[4mm] =&\,\, \frac{5(13 - 2k)^2}{25} = \frac{(13 - 2k)^2}{5} \end{align*}

Given AB=2r    AB2=4r2AB = 2r \implies AB^2 = 4r^2. From part (b), we have r2=(k+1)25r^2 = \frac{(k + 1)^2}{5}, so:

AB2=4(k+1)25AB^2 = \frac{4(k + 1)^2}{5}

Equate the two expressions for AB2AB^2:

(132k)25=4(k+1)25\frac{(13 - 2k)^2}{5} = \frac{4(k + 1)^2}{5}

Multiply by 55 and take the square root of both sides:

132k=±2(k+1)13 - 2k = \pm 2(k + 1)

Solve the two linear equations:

  • Case A: 132k=2(k+1)    132k=2k+2    4k=11    k=2.7513 - 2k = 2(k + 1) \implies 13 - 2k = 2k + 2 \implies 4k = 11 \implies k = 2.75

  • Case B: 132k=2(k+1)    132k=2k2    13=2(no solution)13 - 2k = -2(k + 1) \implies 13 - 2k = -2k - 2 \implies 13 = -2 \quad \text{(no solution)}

Thus, the value of kk is 2.752.75.