To prove the statement is false, we can find a single counterexample.
Let n=5:
(5+1)3−53===63−53216−12591
Since 91 is not prime (as 91=7×13), the statement is false.
(Note: Another possible counterexample is n=7, which gives 83−73=169=13×13.)
(ii)
解法一:利用半圆上的圆周角为直角(垂直斜率乘积为 -1)
思路
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这里我们可以运用圆的几何性质。
若线段 AB 是直径,且点 C 落在该圆上,那么由“半圆上的圆周角是直角(Angle in a semicircle is a right angle)”定理,三角形 △ACB 必须是直角三角形,其中斜边为 AB,直角在 C 处。也就是说,线段 AC 与 BC 互相垂直。
我们可以利用斜率公式计算 AC 和 BC 的斜率:
mAC=xC−xAyC−yA
mBC=xC−xByC−yB
若满足两斜率之积 mAC×mBC=−1,则说明线段 AC⊥BC。
这意味着 ∠ACB=90∘。
既然圆周上一点 C 对应的圆周角 ∠ACB=90∘,其所对的弦 AB 必定是该圆的直径。这个证明逻辑在考场上最简单、最快。
答题过程
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Calculate the gradient of the line segment AC (denoted as mAC):
mAC===7−1−6−06−6−1
Calculate the gradient of the line segment BC (denoted as mBC):
mBC===7−3−6−(−10)441
Compute the product of the gradients:
mAC×mBC=(−1)×1=−1
Since the product of the gradients is −1, the lines AC and BC are perpendicular to each other, which means:
∠ACB=90∘
Since the angle subtended by the chord AB at point C on the circumference is 90∘, by the converse of the angle in a semicircle theorem, the chord AB must be a diameter of the circle.
解法二:中点与距离公式验证法
思路
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如果 AB 是直径,那么其中点 M 必然是该圆的圆心。
我们可以首先求出 AB 的中点坐标 M:
M=(2xA+xB,2yA+yB)
接下来计算 M 到端点 A 的距离的平方(即半径平方 r2):
r2=MA2=(xM−xA)2+(yM−yA)2
如果点 C 也落在以 M 为圆心、 AB 为直径的圆上,那么 M 到 C 的距离的平方 MC2 必须也等于 r2:
MC2=(xC−xM)2+(yC−yM)2=r2
只要验证出 MA2=MC2(或 MA=MB=MC),就说明 A,B,C 三点都在以 M 为圆心、半径为 MA 的圆上。因此,AB 作为通过圆心 M 且两端连接圆周点 A,B 的线段,必定是圆的直径。
答题过程
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Find the midpoint M of the line segment AB:
M==(21+3,20+(−10))(2,−5)
Find the squared distance from the midpoint M(2,−5) to point A(1,0):
MA2====(2−1)2+(−5−0)212+(−5)21+2526
Find the squared distance from the midpoint M(2,−5) to point C(7,−6):
MC2====(7−2)2+(−6−(−5))252+(−1)225+126
Since MA2=MC2=26 (and by symmetry, MB2=26), the points A, B, and C are all at an equal distance of 26 from the point M(2,−5).
Therefore, M(2,−5) is the center of the circle passing through A, B, and C. Since M is the midpoint of AB, the line segment AB passes through the center of the circle, proving that AB is a diameter of the circle.