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IAL 2022 May Q3

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 May Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

(i) Show that the following statement is false:

(n+1)3n3(n + 1)^3 - n^3 is prime for all nNn \in \mathbb{N}

(2)

(ii) Given that the points A(1,0)A(1, 0), B(3,10)B(3, -10) and C(7,6)C(7, -6) lie on a circle, prove that ABAB is a diameter of this circle.

(5)
题目中文翻译

(i) 说明以下陈述是错误的: “对于所有自然数 nNn \in \mathbb{N}(n+1)3n3(n + 1)^3 - n^3 均为质数(素数)。” (2)

(ii) 已知点 A(1,0)A(1, 0)B(3,10)B(3, -10)C(7,6)C(7, -6) 都在同一个圆上,证明线段 ABAB 是该圆的一条直径。 (5)

解答

(i)

解法一

思路

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要证明一个命题是错误的(Show the statement is false),最直接的方法是找到一个反例(Find a counterexample),即找到一个自然数 nNn \in \mathbb{N},使得代入后计算得到的数不是质数。 我们可以从小到大代入一些自然数进行验证:

  • n=1n = 1 时:(1+1)313=81=7(1+1)^3 - 1^3 = 8 - 1 = 7 (是质数)
  • n=2n = 2 时:(2+1)323=278=19(2+1)^3 - 2^3 = 27 - 8 = 19 (是质数)
  • n=3n = 3 时:(3+1)333=6427=37(3+1)^3 - 3^3 = 64 - 27 = 37 (是质数)
  • n=4n = 4 时:(4+1)343=12564=61(4+1)^3 - 4^3 = 125 - 64 = 61 (是质数)
  • n=5n = 5 时:(5+1)353=216125=91(5+1)^3 - 5^3 = 216 - 125 = 91

计算得到 9191。我们需要检查 9191 是否是质数。 因为 91=7×1391 = 7 \times 13,所以它是一个合数(不是质数)。 这便是一个合法的反例,证明了原命题是错误的。

答题过程

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To prove the statement is false, we can find a single counterexample.

Let n=5n = 5:

(5+1)353=6353=216125=91\begin{align*} (5 + 1)^3 - 5^3 =&\,\, 6^3 - 5^3 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 216 - 125 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 91 \end{align*}

Since 9191 is not prime (as 91=7×1391 = 7 \times 13), the statement is false.

(Note: Another possible counterexample is n=7n = 7, which gives 8373=169=13×138^3 - 7^3 = 169 = 13 \times 13.)


(ii)

解法一:利用半圆上的圆周角为直角(垂直斜率乘积为 -1)

思路

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这里我们可以运用圆的几何性质。 若线段 ABAB 是直径,且点 CC 落在该圆上,那么由“半圆上的圆周角是直角(Angle in a semicircle is a right angle)”定理,三角形 ACB\triangle ACB 必须是直角三角形,其中斜边为 ABAB,直角在 CC 处。也就是说,线段 ACACBCBC 互相垂直。

我们可以利用斜率公式计算 ACACBCBC 的斜率:

  • mAC=yCyAxCxAm_{AC} = \frac{y_C - y_A}{x_C - x_A}
  • mBC=yCyBxCxBm_{BC} = \frac{y_C - y_B}{x_C - x_B}

若满足两斜率之积 mAC×mBC=1m_{AC} \times m_{BC} = -1,则说明线段 ACBCAC \perp BC。 这意味着 ACB=90\angle ACB = 90^\circ。 既然圆周上一点 CC 对应的圆周角 ACB=90\angle ACB = 90^\circ,其所对的弦 ABAB 必定是该圆的直径。这个证明逻辑在考场上最简单、最快。

答题过程

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Calculate the gradient of the line segment ACAC (denoted as mACm_{AC}):

mAC=6071=66=1\begin{align*} m_{AC} =&\,\, \frac{-6 - 0}{7 - 1} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{-6}{6} \\[2mm] =&\,\, -1 \end{align*}

Calculate the gradient of the line segment BCBC (denoted as mBCm_{BC}):

mBC=6(10)73=44=1\begin{align*} m_{BC} =&\,\, \frac{-6 - (-10)}{7 - 3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{4}{4} \\[2mm] =&\,\, 1 \end{align*}

Compute the product of the gradients:

mAC×mBC=(1)×1=1m_{AC} \times m_{BC} = (-1) \times 1 = -1

Since the product of the gradients is 1-1, the lines ACAC and BCBC are perpendicular to each other, which means:

ACB=90\angle ACB = 90^\circ

Since the angle subtended by the chord ABAB at point CC on the circumference is 9090^\circ, by the converse of the angle in a semicircle theorem, the chord ABAB must be a diameter of the circle.

解法二:中点与距离公式验证法

思路

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如果 ABAB 是直径,那么其中点 MM 必然是该圆的圆心。 我们可以首先求出 ABAB 的中点坐标 MM

M=(xA+xB2,yA+yB2)M = \left( \frac{x_A + x_B}{2}, \frac{y_A + y_B}{2} \right)

接下来计算 MM 到端点 AA 的距离的平方(即半径平方 r2r^2):

r2=MA2=(xMxA)2+(yMyA)2r^2 = MA^2 = (x_M - x_A)^2 + (y_M - y_A)^2

如果点 CC 也落在以 MM 为圆心、 ABAB 为直径的圆上,那么 MMCC 的距离的平方 MC2MC^2 必须也等于 r2r^2

MC2=(xCxM)2+(yCyM)2=r2MC^2 = (x_C - x_M)^2 + (y_C - y_M)^2 = r^2

只要验证出 MA2=MC2MA^2 = MC^2(或 MA=MB=MCMA = MB = MC),就说明 A,B,CA, B, C 三点都在以 MM 为圆心、半径为 MAMA 的圆上。因此,ABAB 作为通过圆心 MM 且两端连接圆周点 A,BA, B 的线段,必定是圆的直径。

答题过程

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Find the midpoint MM of the line segment ABAB:

M=(1+32,0+(10)2)=(2,5)\begin{align*} M =&\,\, \left( \frac{1 + 3}{2}, \frac{0 + (-10)}{2} \right) \\[4mm] =&\,\, (2, -5) \end{align*}

Find the squared distance from the midpoint M(2,5)M(2, -5) to point A(1,0)A(1, 0):

MA2=(21)2+(50)2=12+(5)2=1+25=26\begin{align*} MA^2 =&\,\, (2 - 1)^2 + (-5 - 0)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 1^2 + (-5)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 1 + 25 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 26 \end{align*}

Find the squared distance from the midpoint M(2,5)M(2, -5) to point C(7,6)C(7, -6):

MC2=(72)2+(6(5))2=52+(1)2=25+1=26\begin{align*} MC^2 =&\,\, (7 - 2)^2 + (-6 - (-5))^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 5^2 + (-1)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 25 + 1 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 26 \end{align*}

Since MA2=MC2=26MA^2 = MC^2 = 26 (and by symmetry, MB2=26MB^2 = 26), the points AA, BB, and CC are all at an equal distance of 26\sqrt{26} from the point M(2,5)M(2, -5).

Therefore, M(2,5)M(2, -5) is the center of the circle passing through AA, BB, and CC. Since MM is the midpoint of ABAB, the line segment ABAB passes through the center of the circle, proving that ABAB is a diameter of the circle.