题目
Problem
The weight of a baby mammal is monitored over a 16-month period.
The weight of the mammal, w kg, is given by
w=loga(t+5)−loga42⩽t⩽18
where t is the age of the mammal in months and a is a constant.
Given that the weight of the mammal was 10 kg when t=3
(a) show that a=1.072 correct to 3 decimal places.
(3)
Using a=1.072
(b) find an equation for t in terms of w
(3)
(c) find the value of t when w=15, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
(2)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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首先,代入已知条件 t=3 和 w=10:
10=loga(3+5)−loga4=loga8−loga4
利用对数的相减法则(logaX−logaY=logaYX)化简右边:
10=loga(48)=loga2
将对数式改写为指数式(如果 logaX=Y 则 aY=X):
a10=2⟹a=21/10=102
使用计算器求出具体数值:
a≈1.07177346...
四舍五入到三位小数为 1.072。
答题过程
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Substitute t=3 and w=10 into the equation:
10=10=loga(3+5)−loga4loga8−loga4
Applying the subtraction law of logarithms (logaX−logaY=logaYX):
10=10=loga(48)loga2
Converting the logarithmic equation into exponential form:
a10=a=a=a≈221011.071773...1.072(to 3 decimal places)(proven)
(b)
解法一:先合并对数项
思路
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我们需要将 w 关于 t 的方程变形,将 t 孤立出来。已知 a=1.072:
w=log1.072(t+5)−log1.0724
首先,利用对数商的运算法则将右侧两个对数项合并为一个对数项:
w=log1.072(4t+5)
转化为指数式:
1.072w=4t+5⟹4×1.072w=t+5⟹t=4×1.072w−5
答题过程
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Using the subtraction law of logarithms:
w=w=log1.072(t+5)−log1.0724log1.072(4t+5)
Converting to exponential form:
1.072w=4×1.072w=t=4t+5t+54×1.072w−5
解法二:先移项,再运用指数性质
思路
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首先,通过移项将含有 t 的对数项孤立在等式一侧:
log1.072(t+5)=w+log1.0724
然后以 1.072 为底数,对等式两边进行指数化,并利用指数乘法性质展开右边:
t+5=1.072w+log1.0724=1.072w×1.072log1.0724=1.072w×4
从而解出 t。
答题过程
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Rearranging the log equation to isolate the term with t:
log1.072(t+5)=w+log1.0724
Taking base 1.072 exponentiation on both sides:
t+5=t+5=t+5=t=1.072w+log1.07241.072w×1.072log1.07241.072w×44×1.072w−5
(c)
解法一
思路
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Warning
题目中明确说明了 “Using a=1.072”(使用 a=1.072)。
如果在计算中使用前面的精确值 a=21/10,代入计算会得到 t=4×(21/10)15−5=4×21.5−5≈6.31。
但官方评分标准(Mark Scheme)规定:必须使用题目指定的近似值 a=1.072,如果代入精确值计算得到 6.31 会被判定为 A0(零分)。因此我们必须严格使用 a=1.072 来计算。
代入 w=15 到 (b) 部分求得的表达式中:
t=4×1.07215−5
利用计算器计算并保留 3 位有效数字(3 significant figures)。
答题过程
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Substitute w=15 and a=1.072 into the equation derived in part (b):
t====≈4×1.07215−54×2.8361767...−511.3447...−56.3447...6.35(to 3 significant figures)
(Note: If the exact value a=2101 were used instead, the result would be t=4×21.5−5≈6.31, which is not accepted under the marking criteria.)