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IAL 2022 Oct Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The weight of a baby mammal is monitored over a 16-month period.

The weight of the mammal, w kgw\text{ kg}, is given by

w=loga(t+5)loga42t18w = \log_a(t + 5) - \log_a 4 \qquad 2 \leqslant t \leqslant 18

where tt is the age of the mammal in months and aa is a constant.

Given that the weight of the mammal was 10 kg10\text{ kg} when t=3t = 3

(a) show that a=1.072a = 1.072 correct to 3 decimal places.

(3)

Using a=1.072a = 1.072

(b) find an equation for tt in terms of ww

(3)

(c) find the value of tt when w=15w = 15, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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首先,代入已知条件 t=3t = 3w=10w = 10

10=loga(3+5)loga4=loga8loga410 = \log_a(3 + 5) - \log_a 4 = \log_a 8 - \log_a 4

利用对数的相减法则(logaXlogaY=logaXY\log_a X - \log_a Y = \log_a \frac{X}{Y})化简右边:

10=loga(84)=loga210 = \log_a \left(\frac{8}{4}\right) = \log_a 2

将对数式改写为指数式(如果 logaX=Y\log_a X = YaY=Xa^Y = X):

a10=2    a=21/10=210a^{10} = 2 \implies a = 2^{1/10} = \sqrt[10]{2}

使用计算器求出具体数值:

a1.07177346...a \approx 1.07177346...

四舍五入到三位小数为 1.0721.072

答题过程

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Substitute t=3t = 3 and w=10w = 10 into the equation:

10=loga(3+5)loga410=loga8loga4\begin{align*} 10 =&\,\, \log_a(3 + 5) - \log_a 4 \\[2mm] 10 =&\,\, \log_a 8 - \log_a 4 \end{align*}

Applying the subtraction law of logarithms (logaXlogaY=logaXY\log_a X - \log_a Y = \log_a \dfrac{X}{Y}):

10=loga(84)10=loga2\begin{align*} 10 =&\,\, \log_a\left(\frac{8}{4}\right) \\[2mm] 10 =&\,\, \log_a 2 \end{align*}

Converting the logarithmic equation into exponential form:

a10=2a=2110a=1.071773...a1.072(to 3 decimal places)(proven)\begin{align*} a^{10} =&\,\, 2 \\[2mm] a =&\,\, 2^{\frac{1}{10}} \\[2mm] a =&\,\, 1.071773... \\[2mm] a \approx&\,\, 1.072 \quad (\text{to 3 decimal places}) \quad \text{(proven)} \end{align*}

(b)

解法一:先合并对数项

思路

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我们需要将 ww 关于 tt 的方程变形,将 tt 孤立出来。已知 a=1.072a = 1.072

w=log1.072(t+5)log1.0724w = \log_{1.072}(t + 5) - \log_{1.072} 4

首先,利用对数商的运算法则将右侧两个对数项合并为一个对数项:

w=log1.072(t+54)w = \log_{1.072}\left(\frac{t + 5}{4}\right)

转化为指数式:

1.072w=t+54    4×1.072w=t+5    t=4×1.072w51.072^w = \frac{t + 5}{4} \implies 4 \times 1.072^w = t + 5 \implies t = 4 \times 1.072^w - 5

答题过程

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Using the subtraction law of logarithms:

w=log1.072(t+5)log1.0724w=log1.072(t+54)\begin{align*} w =&\,\, \log_{1.072}(t + 5) - \log_{1.072} 4 \\[2mm] w =&\,\, \log_{1.072}\left(\frac{t + 5}{4}\right) \end{align*}

Converting to exponential form:

1.072w=t+544×1.072w=t+5t=4×1.072w5\begin{align*} 1.072^w =&\,\, \frac{t + 5}{4} \\[2mm] 4 \times 1.072^w =&\,\, t + 5 \\[2mm] t =&\,\, 4 \times 1.072^w - 5 \end{align*}

解法二:先移项,再运用指数性质

思路

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首先,通过移项将含有 tt 的对数项孤立在等式一侧:

log1.072(t+5)=w+log1.0724\log_{1.072}(t + 5) = w + \log_{1.072} 4

然后以 1.0721.072 为底数,对等式两边进行指数化,并利用指数乘法性质展开右边:

t+5=1.072w+log1.0724=1.072w×1.072log1.0724=1.072w×4t+5 = 1.072^{w + \log_{1.072} 4} = 1.072^w \times 1.072^{\log_{1.072} 4} = 1.072^w \times 4

从而解出 tt

答题过程

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Rearranging the log equation to isolate the term with tt:

log1.072(t+5)=w+log1.0724\begin{align*} \log_{1.072}(t + 5) =&\,\, w + \log_{1.072} 4 \end{align*}

Taking base 1.0721.072 exponentiation on both sides:

t+5=1.072w+log1.0724t+5=1.072w×1.072log1.0724t+5=1.072w×4t=4×1.072w5\begin{align*} t + 5 =&\,\, 1.072^{w + \log_{1.072} 4} \\[2mm] t + 5 =&\,\, 1.072^w \times 1.072^{\log_{1.072} 4} \\[2mm] t + 5 =&\,\, 1.072^w \times 4 \\[2mm] t =&\,\, 4 \times 1.072^w - 5 \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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Warning

题目中明确说明了 “Using a=1.072a = 1.072(使用 a=1.072a=1.072)。 如果在计算中使用前面的精确值 a=21/10a = 2^{1/10},代入计算会得到 t=4×(21/10)155=4×21.556.31t = 4 \times (2^{1/10})^{15} - 5 = 4 \times 2^{1.5} - 5 \approx 6.31。 但官方评分标准(Mark Scheme)规定:必须使用题目指定的近似值 a=1.072a = 1.072,如果代入精确值计算得到 6.316.31 会被判定为 A0A0(零分)。因此我们必须严格使用 a=1.072a=1.072 来计算。

代入 w=15w = 15 到 (b) 部分求得的表达式中:

t=4×1.072155t = 4 \times 1.072^{15} - 5

利用计算器计算并保留 3 位有效数字(3 significant figures)。

答题过程

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Substitute w=15w = 15 and a=1.072a = 1.072 into the equation derived in part (b):

t=4×1.072155=4×2.8361767...5=11.3447...5=6.3447...6.35(to 3 significant figures)\begin{align*} t =&\,\, 4 \times 1.072^{15} - 5 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 4 \times 2.8361767... - 5 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 11.3447... - 5 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 6.3447... \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 6.35 \quad (\text{to 3 significant figures}) \end{align*}

(Note: If the exact value a=2110a = 2^{\frac{1}{10}} were used instead, the result would be t=4×21.556.31t = 4 \times 2^{1.5} - 5 \approx 6.31, which is not accepted under the marking criteria.)