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IAL 2024 May Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2024 May Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

f(x)=(x2)(2x2+5x+k)+21f(x)=(x-2)(2x^2+5x+k)+21

where kk is a constant.

(a) State the remainder when f(x)f(x) is divided by (x2)(x-2)

(1)

Given that (2x1)(2x-1) is a factor of f(x)f(x)

(b) show that k=11k=11

(2)

(c) Hence

(i) fully factorise f(x)f(x),

(ii) find the number of real solutions of the equation

f(x)=0f(x)=0

giving a reason for your answer.

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

x=2x=2 时,(x2)(x-2) 那一整项为 00,所以余数就是 f(2)f(2)

答题过程

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By the remainder theorem, the remainder is f(2)f(2).

f(2)=(22)(2(2)2+5(2)+k)+21=21.\begin{align*} f(2)=&\,(2-2)(2(2)^2+5(2)+k)+21\\ =&\,21. \end{align*}

Therefore, the remainder is

21.\begin{align*} 21. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

(2x1)(2x-1) 是因式,所以 x=12x=\frac12 是根。代入 f(x)=0f(x)=0kk

答题过程

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Since (2x1)(2x-1) is a factor,

f(12)=0.\begin{align*} f\left(\frac12\right)=0. \end{align*}

So

(122)(2(12)2+5(12)+k)+21=032(12+52+k)+21=032(3+k)+21=03(3+k)+42=093k+42=03k=33k=11.\begin{align*} \left(\frac12-2\right) \left(2\left(\frac12\right)^2+5\left(\frac12\right)+k\right)+21=&\,0\\ -\frac32\left(\frac12+\frac52+k\right)+21=&\,0\\ -\frac32(3+k)+21=&\,0\\ -3(3+k)+42=&\,0\\ -9-3k+42=&\,0\\ 3k=&\,33\\ k=&\,11. \end{align*}

This is the required result.

(c)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

先把 k=11k=11 代入并展开成三次式,再利用已知因式 (2x1)(2x-1) 分解。

答题过程

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With k=11k=11,

f(x)=(x2)(2x2+5x+11)+21=x(2x2+5x+11)2(2x2+5x+11)+21=2x3+5x2+11x4x210x22+21=2x3+x2+x1.\begin{align*} f(x) =&\,\, (x-2)(2x^2+5x+11)+21\\[4mm] =&\,\, x(2x^2+5x+11)-2(2x^2+5x+11)+21\\[4mm] =&\,\, 2x^3+5x^2+11x-4x^2-10x-22+21\\[4mm] =&\,\, 2x^3+x^2+x-1. \end{align*}

Since (2x1)(2x-1) is a factor,

2x3+x2+x1=(2x1)(x2+x+1).\begin{align*} 2x^3+x^2+x-1 = (2x-1)(x^2+x+1). \end{align*}

Therefore,

f(x)=(2x1)(x2+x+1).\begin{align*} f(x) = (2x-1)(x^2+x+1). \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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待定系数法(inspection)。代入 k=11k=11 展开得到三次式 f(x)=2x3+x2+x1f(x) = 2x^3+x^2+x-1。因为已给因式 (2x1)(2x-1),可设商式为二次式 (ax2+bx+c)(ax^2+bx+c)。通过两端的最高次项与常数项可以直接口算出 aacc,再对比中间项系数得到 bb,免去多项式长除法。

答题过程

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Substitute k=11k=11 and expand the cubic:

f(x)=2x3+x2+x1\begin{align*} f(x) = 2x^3+x^2+x-1 \end{align*}

Since (2x1)(2x-1) is a factor of f(x)f(x), we can assume the factorised form is:

2x3+x2+x1=(2x1)(ax2+bx+c)\begin{align*} 2x^3+x^2+x-1 = (2x-1)(ax^2+bx+c) \end{align*}

Compare the coefficients:

  • For the x3x^3 term:
2a=2    a=1\begin{align*} 2a = 2 \implies a = 1 \end{align*}
  • For the constant term:
c=1    c=1\begin{align*} -c = -1 \implies c = 1 \end{align*}
  • For the x2x^2 term (expanding (2x1)(x2+bx+1)(2x-1)(x^2+bx+1)):
2ba=12b1=1(since a=1)2b=2b=1\begin{align*} 2b - a =&\,\, 1\\[4mm] 2b - 1 =&\,\, 1\dots\dots(\text{since } a=1)\\[4mm] 2b =&\,\, 2\\[4mm] b =&\,\, 1 \end{align*}

Therefore, the quadratic factor is (x2+x+1)(x^2+x+1), and the fully factorised form of f(x)f(x) is:

f(x)=(2x1)(x2+x+1)\begin{align*} f(x) = (2x-1)(x^2+x+1) \end{align*}

(c)(ii)

解法一

思路

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线性因式给一个实根。二次因式是否有实根,要看判别式。

答题过程

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From part (c)(i),

f(x)=(2x1)(x2+x+1).\begin{align*} f(x)=(2x-1)(x^2+x+1). \end{align*}

The factor 2x1=02x-1=0 gives

x=12.\begin{align*} x=\frac12. \end{align*}

For x2+x+1=0x^2+x+1=0, the discriminant is

b24ac=124(1)(1)=3.\begin{align*} b^2-4ac=&\,1^2-4(1)(1)\\ =&\,-3. \end{align*}

Since 3<0-3<0, the quadratic has no real roots.

Therefore, f(x)=0f(x)=0 has

1\begin{align*} 1 \end{align*}

real solution.