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IAL 2023 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

Figure 3 shows a sketch of the curve CC with parametric equations

x=6t3sin2ty=2cost0tπ2x=6t-3\sin 2t \qquad y=2\cos t \qquad 0\le t\le \frac{\pi}{2}

The curve meets the yy-axis at 22 and the xx-axis at kk, where kk is a constant.

(a) State the value of kk.

(1)

(b) Use parametric differentiation to show that

dydx=λcosect\frac{dy}{dx}=\lambda\cosec t

where λ\lambda is a constant to be found.

(4)

The point PP with parameter t=π4t=\dfrac{\pi}{4} lies on CC.

The tangent to CC at the point PP cuts the yy-axis at the point NN.

(c) Find the exact yy coordinate of NN, giving your answer in simplest form.

(3)

The region bounded by the curve, the xx-axis and the yy-axis is rotated through 2π2\pi radians about the xx-axis to form a solid of revolution.

(d) (i) Show that the volume of this solid is given by

0αβ(1cos4t)dt\int_0^{\alpha}\beta(1-\cos 4t)\,dt

where α\alpha and β\beta are constants to be found.

(ii) Hence, using algebraic integration, find the exact volume of this solid.

(6)
题目中文翻译

图 3 给出了曲线 CC 的示意图,其参数方程为

x=6t3sin2ty=2cost0tπ2x=6t-3\sin 2t \qquad y=2\cos t \qquad 0\le t\le \frac{\pi}{2}

该曲线与 yy 轴交于 22,与 xx 轴交于 kk,其中 kk 为常数。

(a) 写出 kk 的值。

(b) 用参数求导法证明

dydx=λcosect\frac{dy}{dx}=\lambda\cosec t

其中 λ\lambda 为待求常数。

参数为 t=π4t=\dfrac{\pi}{4} 的点 PP 在曲线 CC 上。

曲线 CC 在点 PP 处的切线与 yy 轴交于点 NN

(c) 求 NN 点的 yy 坐标精确值,并将答案化为最简形式。

由曲线、xx 轴和 yy 轴围成的区域绕 xx 轴旋转 2π2\pi 弧度,形成一个旋转体。

(d) (i) 证明该旋转体的体积可表示为

0αβ(1cos4t)dt\int_0^{\alpha}\beta(1-\cos 4t)\,dt

其中 α,β\alpha,\beta 为待求常数。

(ii) 进而用代数积分法求该旋转体的精确体积。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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曲线与 xx 轴相交时 y=0y=0。由 y=2costy=2\cos t 得到 t=π2t=\frac{\pi}{2},再代入 x=6t3sin2tx=6t-3\sin2t

答题过程

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At the point where the curve meets the xx-axis,

y=0.y=0.

Since

y=2cost,y=2\cos t,

we have

2cost=0.2\cos t=0.

For

0tπ2,0\leq t\leq \frac{\pi}{2},

this gives

t=π2.t=\frac{\pi}{2}.

Then

x=6(π2)3sinπ=3π.\begin{align*} x&=6\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)-3\sin\pi\\ &=3\pi. \end{align*}

Therefore

k=3π.\boxed{k=3\pi}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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参数求导先分别求 dxdt\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}dydt\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t},再用 dydx=dy/dtdx/dt\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{\mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}t}{\mathrm{d}x/\mathrm{d}t}。化简时要用 cos2t=12sin2t\cos2t=1-2\sin^2t

答题过程

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Differentiate each parametric equation:

dxdt=66cos2t,\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =6-6\cos 2t,

and

dydt=2sint.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} =-2\sin t.

Therefore

dydx=dydtdxdt=2sint66cos2t.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} &=\frac{\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t}} {\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}} \\[2mm] &=\frac{-2\sin t}{6-6\cos 2t}. \end{align*}

Use

cos2t=12sin2t.\cos 2t=1-2\sin^2t.

Then

66cos2t=66(12sin2t)=12sin2t.\begin{align*} 6-6\cos 2t &=6-6(1-2\sin^2t)\\ &=12\sin^2t. \end{align*}

Hence

dydx=2sint12sin2t=16cosect.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} &=\frac{-2\sin t}{12\sin^2t}\\ &=-\frac{1}{6}\cosec t. \end{align*}

So

λ=16.\boxed{\lambda=-\frac16}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先求点 PP 的坐标,再用 (b) 的结果求切线斜率。切线与 yy 轴交点的 yy 坐标就是切线方程中的截距。

答题过程

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At

t=π4,t=\frac{\pi}{4},

we have

x=6(π4)3sinπ2=3π23,y=2cosπ4=2.\begin{align*} x&=6\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)-3\sin\frac{\pi}{2} =\frac{3\pi}{2}-3,\\ y&=2\cos\frac{\pi}{4} =\sqrt2. \end{align*}

So

P=(3π23,2).P=\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}-3,\sqrt2\right).

The gradient of the tangent at PP is

dydx=16cosecπ4=162=26.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} &=-\frac16\cosec\frac{\pi}{4}\\ &=-\frac16\sqrt2\\ &=-\frac{\sqrt2}{6}. \end{align*}

Let the tangent be

y=mx+c.y=mx+c.

Using m=26m=-\frac{\sqrt2}{6} and the point PP,

2=26(3π23)+c.\sqrt2=-\frac{\sqrt2}{6}\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}-3\right)+c.

Thus

c=2+26(3π23)=2+π2422=π24+22.\begin{align*} c&=\sqrt2+\frac{\sqrt2}{6}\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}-3\right)\\ &=\sqrt2+\frac{\pi\sqrt2}{4}-\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\\ &=\frac{\pi\sqrt2}{4}+\frac{\sqrt2}{2}. \end{align*}

When the tangent cuts the yy-axis, x=0x=0, so the yy coordinate of NN is

π24+22.\boxed{\frac{\pi\sqrt2}{4}+\frac{\sqrt2}{2}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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旋转体体积用 V=πy2dxV=\pi\int y^2\,\mathrm{d}x。因为曲线用参数表示,所以把 dx\mathrm{d}x 换成 dxdtdt\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\,\mathrm{d}t。上下限由区域从 yy 轴到 xx 轴,对应 t=0t=0t=π2t=\frac{\pi}{2}

答题过程

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The volume is

V=πy2dx.V=\pi\int y^2\,\mathrm{d}x.

Using the parameter tt,

V=π0π2y2dxdtdt.V=\pi\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}y^2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\,\mathrm{d}t.

Now

y2=(2cost)2=4cos2t,y^2=(2\cos t)^2=4\cos^2t,

and

dxdt=66cos2t.\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=6-6\cos2t.

Therefore

y2dxdt=4cos2t(66cos2t)=4cos2t(12sin2t)=48sin2tcos2t.\begin{align*} y^2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} &=4\cos^2t(6-6\cos2t)\\ &=4\cos^2t\big(12\sin^2t\big)\\ &=48\sin^2t\cos^2t. \end{align*}

Since

sin2t=2sintcost,\sin2t=2\sin t\cos t,

we have

48sin2tcos2t=12sin22t.48\sin^2t\cos^2t=12\sin^22t.

Also,

sin22t=1cos4t2.\sin^22t=\frac{1-\cos4t}{2}.

So

y2dxdt=6(1cos4t).y^2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =6(1-\cos4t).

Hence

V=π0π26(1cos4t)dt=0π26π(1cos4t)dt.\begin{align*} V &=\pi\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}6(1-\cos4t)\,\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}6\pi(1-\cos4t)\,\mathrm{d}t. \end{align*}

Therefore

α=π2,β=6π.\boxed{\alpha=\frac{\pi}{2},\qquad \beta=6\pi}.

Now integrate:

V=0π26π(1cos4t)dt=[6πt6π4sin4t]0π2=6ππ26π4sin2π0=3π2.\begin{align*} V &=\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}6\pi(1-\cos4t)\,\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\left[6\pi t-\frac{6\pi}{4}\sin4t\right]_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\\ &=6\pi\cdot\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{6\pi}{4}\sin2\pi -0\\ &=3\pi^2. \end{align*}

So the exact volume is

3π2.\boxed{3\pi^2}.