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IAL 2024 May Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S1

IAL 2024 May Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

A spinner can land on the numbers 22, 44, 55, 77 or 88 only. The random variable XX represents the number that this spinner lands on when it is spun once. The probability distribution of XX is given in the table below.

xx2244557788
P(X=x)P(X=x)0.250.250.30.30.20.20.10.10.150.15

(a) Find P(2X3>5)P(2X-3>5).

(1)

Given that E(X)=4.6E(X)=4.6

(b) show that Var(X)=4.14\operatorname{Var}(X)=4.14.

(3)

The random variable Y=aXbY=aX-b where aa and bb are positive constants.

Given that

E(Y)=13.4andVar(Y)=66.24E(Y)=13.4 \quad\text{and}\quad \operatorname{Var}(Y)=66.24

(c) find the value of aa and the value of bb.

(4)

In a game Sam and Alex each spin the spinner once, landing on X1X_1 and X2X_2 respectively. Sam’s score is given by the random variable S=X1S=X_1. Alex’s score is given by the random variable R=2X23R=2X_2-3. The person with the higher score wins the game. If the scores are the same it is a draw.

(d) Find the probability that Sam wins the game.

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

先解不等式:

2X3>5X>4.\begin{align*} 2X-3>5\Longrightarrow X>4. \end{align*}

所以取 X=5,7,8X=5,7,8 的概率相加。

答题过程

展开 2X3>52X>8X>4.\begin{align*} 2X-3&>5\\[3mm] 2X&>8\\[3mm] X&>4. \end{align*}

Therefore

P(2X3>5)=P(X=5)+P(X=7)+P(X=8)=0.2+0.1+0.15=0.45.\begin{align*} P(2X-3>5) =&\,P(X=5)+P(X=7)+P(X=8)\\[3mm] =&\,0.2+0.1+0.15\\[3mm] =&\,0.45. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

Var(X)=E(X2)[E(X)]2.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(X)=E(X^2)-[E(X)]^2. \end{align*}

题目已经给出 E(X)=4.6E(X)=4.6,所以重点是完整算出 E(X2)E(X^2)

答题过程

展开

First,

E(X2)=22(0.25)+42(0.3)+52(0.2)+72(0.1)+82(0.15)=1+4.8+5+4.9+9.6=25.3.\begin{align*} E(X^2) =&\,2^2(0.25)+4^2(0.3)+5^2(0.2)\\[3mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+7^2(0.1)+8^2(0.15)\\[3mm] =&\,1+4.8+5+4.9+9.6\\[3mm] =&\,25.3. \end{align*}

Therefore

Var(X)=E(X2)[E(X)]2=25.3(4.6)2=25.321.16=4.14.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(X) =&\,E(X^2)-[E(X)]^2\\[3mm] =&\,25.3-(4.6)^2\\[3mm] =&\,25.3-21.16\\[3mm] =&\,4.14. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

线性变换的期望和方差:

E(aXb)=aE(X)b,\begin{align*} E(aX-b)=aE(X)-b, \end{align*} Var(aXb)=a2Var(X).\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(aX-b)=a^2\operatorname{Var}(X). \end{align*}

先用方差求 aa,再用期望求 bb

答题过程

展开

Since Y=aXbY=aX-b,

E(Y)=aE(X)b.\begin{align*} E(Y)=aE(X)-b. \end{align*}

So

13.4=4.6ab.\begin{align*} 13.4=4.6a-b. \end{align*}

Also,

Var(Y)=a2Var(X).\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(Y)=a^2\operatorname{Var}(X). \end{align*}

Hence

66.24=4.14a2a2=16a=4,\begin{align*} 66.24=&\,4.14a^2\\[3mm] a^2=&\,16\\[3mm] a=&\,4, \end{align*}

since aa is positive.

Then

13.4=4.6(4)bb=18.413.4b=5.\begin{align*} 13.4=&\,4.6(4)-b\\[3mm] b=&\,18.4-13.4\\[3mm] b=&\,5. \end{align*}

Therefore

a=4,b=5.\begin{align*} a=4,\qquad b=5. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

Sam 的分数就是 X1X_1。Alex 的分数是 2X232X_2-3,所以 Alex 可能得分:

1, 5, 7, 11, 13.\begin{align*} 1,\ 5,\ 7,\ 11,\ 13. \end{align*}

列出 Sam 赢的情况,再把独立概率相乘相加。

答题过程

展开

Sam wins when

X1>2X23.\begin{align*} X_1>2X_2-3. \end{align*}

If Alex spins 22, then R=1R=1, so Sam always wins.

If Alex spins 44, then R=5R=5, so Sam must spin 77 or 88.

If Alex spins 55, then R=7R=7, so Sam must spin 88.

If Alex spins 77 or 88, then R=11R=11 or 1313, so Sam cannot win.

Therefore

P(Sam wins)=0.25+0.3(0.1+0.15)+0.2(0.15)=0.25+0.075+0.03=0.355.\begin{align*} P(\text{Sam wins}) =&\,0.25\\[3mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+0.3(0.1+0.15)\\[3mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+0.2(0.15)\\[3mm] =&\,0.25+0.075+0.03\\[3mm] =&\,0.355. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

按 Sam 的得分进行分组列举。 Sam 的得分 S=X1S = X_1 可以是 2,4,5,7,82, 4, 5, 7, 8。 Alex 的得分 R=2X23R = 2X_2-3 可以是 1,5,7,11,131, 5, 7, 11, 13。 要让 Sam 获胜(S>RS > R):

  • S=2S=2 时,Alex 只能投出 R=1R=1(即 X2=2X_2=2)。
  • S=4S=4 时,Alex 只能投出 R=1R=1(即 X2=2X_2=2)。
  • S=5S=5 时,Alex 可以投出 R=1,5R=1, 5(即 X2=2,4X_2=2, 4)。
  • S=7S=7 时,Alex 可以投出 R=1,5R=1, 5(即 X2=2,4X_2=2, 4)。
  • S=8S=8 时,Alex 可以投出 R=1,5,7R=1, 5, 7(即 X2=2,4,5X_2=2, 4, 5)。 我们计算出这五种情况下 Sam 获胜的联合概率,再全部加起来。这种方法与解法一阻断方向相反(解法一是按 Alex 的可能得分列举),能有效提高检验和列举的全面性。

答题过程

展开

We partition the winning cases by Sam’s score SS:

  • If Sam scores S=2S=2, Sam wins if Alex scores R=1R=1: P(S=2R=1)=0.25×0.25=0.0625P(S=2 \cap R=1) = 0.25 \times 0.25 = 0.0625
  • If Sam scores S=4S=4, Sam wins if Alex scores R=1R=1: P(S=4R=1)=0.3×0.25=0.075P(S=4 \cap R=1) = 0.3 \times 0.25 = 0.075
  • If Sam scores S=5S=5, Sam wins if Alex scores R=1R=1 or R=5R=5: P(S=5(R=1R=5))=0.2×(0.25+0.3)=0.2×0.55=0.11P(S=5 \cap (R=1 \cup R=5)) = 0.2 \times (0.25 + 0.3) = 0.2 \times 0.55 = 0.11
  • If Sam scores S=7S=7, Sam wins if Alex scores R=1R=1 or R=5R=5: P(S=7(R=1R=5))=0.1×(0.25+0.3)=0.1×0.55=0.055P(S=7 \cap (R=1 \cup R=5)) = 0.1 \times (0.25 + 0.3) = 0.1 \times 0.55 = 0.055
  • If Sam scores S=8S=8, Sam wins if Alex scores R=1R=1, R=5R=5, or R=7R=7: P(S=8(R=1R=5R=7))=0.15×(0.25+0.3+0.2)=0.15×0.75=0.1125P(S=8 \cap (R=1 \cup R=5 \cup R=7)) = 0.15 \times (0.25 + 0.3 + 0.2) = 0.15 \times 0.75 = 0.1125

Summing all these independent probabilities:

P(Sam wins)=0.0625+0.075+0.11+0.055+0.1125=0.355.\begin{align*} P(\text{Sam wins}) =&\,\, 0.0625 + 0.075 + 0.11 + 0.055 + 0.1125\\[3mm] =&\,\, 0.355. \end{align*}